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The most fundamental classification of wire and cable technology is typically based on voltage. Voltage determines the capability of a wire or cable to handle electrical energy without breaking down. Different types of wires and cables are designed for specific voltage ranges, ensuring safety and proper functionality in various applications.

For instance, low-voltage cables are used in residential applications, while high-voltage cables are essential for transmitting electricity over long distances in power distribution networks. This classification is crucial for electrical engineers and technicians to ensure that they select the appropriate cables that can safely handle the voltage requirements of their specific projects.

The other options, while relevant to wire and cable specifications, do not serve as the primary division in wire and cable technology as voltage does. Material composition focuses on the type of conductor and insulation used, physical size pertains to the diameter and weight of the cable, and current rating refers to the amount of electric current a wire can carry safely. These factors are important but are primarily considered within the context of the voltage classification.